What kind of mysterious streaks does a plane leave in the sky?

Causes of red spots on the roof of the mouth

Red spots on the top of the mouth can be irritating, but they are usually harmless and may go away on their own. It is important to see a doctor if a person is concerned or doesn't know what is causing the spots, as this can also be a sign of a serious medical condition.

Factors that cause red spots to appear on the sky.

Throat infection

Pharyngitis is a disease that affects the throat and tonsils. A group of bacteria called Streptococcus

responsible for this disease.
Tiny red spots called petechiae
on the roof of your mouth are a common symptom of pharyngitis. Other symptoms of a sore throat include:

• fever;
• pain when swallowing;
• red and swollen tonsils;
• enlarged lymph nodes in the neck.

If a person thinks they have pharyngitis, they should see a doctor. Treatment usually includes a course of antibiotics, drinking plenty of fluids and rest.

Physical trauma

One of the most common causes of a red spot or inflammation on the surface of the mouth is injury, such as a cut or burn. This can happen because you drink something too hot or eat food that causes damage to the lining of your mouth. Other conditions that can lead to mouth injury:

• dentures that don't fit;
• edge of a broken tooth;
• uneven dental fillings, broken crowns or bridges;
• sensitivity or allergic reaction to certain ingredients in toothpaste or mouthwash.

Dentists recommend waiting 2 weeks for the damaged tissue to recover. If red spots persist, you should contact your dentist to diagnose the condition.

Thrush

Also known as candidiasis, oral thrush is a fungal infection caused by the fungus Candida. Almost everyone has Candida fungus in their digestive tract or on their skin, but under certain conditions the fungus multiplies, causing an infection. Some factors increase your risk of developing thrush, such as:

• use of dentures;
• smoking;
• HIV or AIDS;
• diabetes;
• cancer;
• certain medicines.

Common symptoms of oral thrush include:

• white or red spots on the inside of the cheeks, tongue, mouth and throat;
• red spots that cause pain;
• loss of taste;
• pain while eating and swallowing.

If a person suspects they have oral thrush, they can consult their doctor or dentist. In some cases, a swab of the mouth or throat is done.

Stomatitis

Stomatitis causes discomfort and can make it difficult to eat and drink. The condition usually resolves in 2–4 weeks, but in some cases it may persist, bleed, or become infected. Some factors that contribute to the development of stomatitis:

• dehydration;
• poor oral care;
• alcohol consumption;
• smoking;
• lack of dietary protein;
• vitamin deficiency;
• certain medications or treatments, such as radiation therapy.

By eating soft foods and drinking warm water, people will get some relief from stomatitis. Rough, salty or sour foods should be avoided until the rash is completely gone as they may irritate the affected area and increase discomfort.

Viral pemphigus of the mouth and extremities

Viral pemphigus of the mouth and extremities is a common infection. It typically affects children under 5 years of age, although the virus can be transmitted to older children and adults. The first sign of illness is often a fever. After 1-2 days, painful ulcers may appear in the mouth. Doctors call these herpangina

. Ulcers usually appear as small red spots and appear on the back of the mouth. These spots can develop into blisters and be painful. People often develop a rash on the palms of their hands and soles of their feet, and sometimes on their knees, elbows, and genitals. Most cases are mild, and some people may have no symptoms at all.

Oral herpes

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a viral infection. The disease manifests itself as ulceration. Cold sores are most common on the edges of the lips, but can also occur in the mouth, including the upper part of the mouth. Cold sores often appear as white, open sores, although they can also appear as red spots, especially when they first begin to form and as they heal. Herpes usually goes away on its own within 2 weeks. During this period, people should avoid physical contact with others and not share personal items such as razors, toothbrushes, lip balms and towels to prevent transmission of the virus.

Aphthous stomatitis

Canker sores appear as sores with a gray, yellow, or white center and a flat red border. They start as a red spot and increase in size over several days. The exact cause of stomatitis remains unknown, but some risk factors include:

• genetics;
• fatigue;
• emotional stress;
• certain foods that cause irritation.

Unlike herpes, stomatitis is not contagious and goes away in 7-10 days. During this time, people can use gels and antimicrobial mouth rinses.

Erythroplakia

In erythroplakia, red spots are usually located on the sides of the mouth. Doctors do not fully understand the causes of erythroplakia, but it is more common in people who use cigarettes or alcohol. Characteristics of erythroplakia include the following:

• smooth spots that feel soft to the touch;
• the spots are surrounded by a clearly defined edge;
• painful burning sensation;
• metallic taste in the mouth.

Erythroplakia is often an early sign of oral cancer. People who think they have erythroplakia should see a doctor. In some cases, your doctor may recommend surgery or laser treatment to prevent cancerous tissue from forming.

Scientists explained the strange stripes in the sky of Nizhny Tagil

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Nikolay Obukhov / @nick_obukhov/Instagram.com

On the night of December 17, residents of Nizhny Tagil (Sverdlovsk region) drew attention to an unusual atmospheric phenomenon and began distributing pictures on social networks. The sky above the city was decorated with vertical multi-colored stripes - many mistakenly took this phenomenon for the northern lights, but its nature turned out to be different,

We are talking about so-called light pillars.

The day before, a cold snap arrived in the Sverdlovsk region, with which scientists attribute the occurrence of an unusual phenomenon in the atmosphere above the city. According to the Gismeteo portal, on the night of December 16-17, the temperature in Nizhny Tagil dropped to -16 degrees.

Light pillars can be caused by crystallization of ice in the air due to a sharp cooling of 10-20 degrees or a sudden entry of moisture into the atmosphere, says Vladilen Sanakoev, an engineer at the educational observatory of the Ural Federal University.

“When there are sudden changes in temperature, moisture is frozen out of the atmosphere and ice crystals (they are hexagonal) fall down. They are horizontal to the ground. And they have such an interesting feature - they reflect the light of lanterns, lamps, bright light sources from below. And a very beautiful pillar of light appears,” he told RIA Novosti.

According to the specialist, similar phenomena were described in the scientific literature 30 years ago; in northern latitudes it can be observed repeatedly in winter. The chief forecaster of the Ural Hydrometeorological Center, Galina Sheporenko, confirmed that the light pillars are associated with thin ice crystals in the air. At the same time, she ruled out comparisons with the northern lights. “The Northern Lights don't look like this. The photographs show that the pillars are vertical, and the light source is city lights,” she noted, clarifying that a halo is formed according to the same principle.

Residents of St. Petersburg observed similar light pillars at the end of February this year. Light pillars are not the only optical phenomenon that occurs during severe frost. The mentioned halos (from the Greek “galos” - circle) include phenomena that occur in frosty weather due to the refraction and reflection of light by water crystals inside cirrus clouds. Halos include a whole group of phenomena: a horizontal circle, luminous rings around the sun, tangent arcs, as well as false suns and moons. Thanks to this phenomenon, in February 2020, residents of Chelyabinsk observed

the rising of the “three suns”, when the day before it got cold there to 23–25 degrees below zero.

The most common is a circle visible at 22° around the sun, less often - a circle with an angular diameter of 46° and very rarely - 90°.

For the effect to occur, several physical conditions must coincide. Typically, a halo appears on the eve of a cyclone's arrival at the observation site or when it passes at some distance. Cirrus clouds, in the crystals of which it arises, should have a vertical extent of about 1.5 km. It is stated that in St. Petersburg a halo can be observed on average once every three days, and in the American state of Wisconsin - almost every other day.

Parhelion

A type of halo is a false sun or moon.
False suns occur where the circle of a normal halo intersects with a horizontal circle. As a rule (and today's observation in Chelyabinsk is no exception), these suns are red in color on the side facing the true sun. Sometimes false suns, like today, can be observed on their own, without the usual halo. Similar events were reflected in the literature. Thus, in the “Tale of Igor’s Campaign” it is said that before the advance of the Polovtsians and the capture of Igor, “four suns shone over the Russian land.” The warriors took this as a sign of impending great trouble. By the way, with the arrival of frost, some lucky people managed to photograph parhelia in Moscow. While stuck in a traffic jam, astronomer Dmitry Vibe managed to take pictures.

Rainbow

The more familiar rainbow appears in the atmosphere in the form of a multi-colored arc. It is observed due to the refraction of light rays in water droplets, when the sun from behind the observer illuminates a curtain of rain located in the opposite direction. Sometimes you can see several rainbows - the main one, the secondary one and the secondary ones. You can observe a rainbow in the form of a full circle from a high mountain or while on an airplane. Aristotle mathematically proved that the sun, the location of the observer and the center of the rainbow are on the same straight line. The main rainbow is always part of a circle with a radius of 42°30′, described around a straight line passing through the sun and the eye of the observer. Therefore, as Aristotle proved, the higher the sun rises above the horizon, the lower the center of the rainbow descends.

Kelvin-Helmholtz undulating clouds

These clouds in the sky look like sea waves crashing on the shore. They are named after the venerable physicists - the Englishman Kelvin and the German Helmholtz. Such clouds are formed when air layers in the atmosphere moving at different speeds come into contact. The top layer has a higher speed than the bottom. Some areas at the boundary of contact of the layers rush upward, and neighboring ones – downward. Most often, the appearance of wavy clouds portends atmospheric instability.

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Why do planes leave traces in the sky? The pilot tells

August 19, 2020 | 11:21| Simply about the complex Airplanes “cut” the sky with thin white lines. You look up in clear weather and look at it - it’s beautiful, especially if there are several such stripes. But why do some airships leave wakes and others don't, and what does this have to do with breath steam in cold weather? The answers to these questions were given to “Dialogue” by the head of the flight safety inspection of the flight complex of the St. Petersburg University of Civil Aviation, first class pilot Vladimir Levkevich .

photo: Ilya Snopchenko / Dialog news agency

Airplane tracks are not a celestial miracle, but simple physics: essentially, cold and heat collide in the sky. The streaks remain when jet engines operate in cold temperatures at high altitudes.

“When hot exhaust gases from the engine enter a cold environment, the steam contained in them condenses, forming small droplets of water or ice, which are visible from the ground in the form of stripes. It's just happening on a large scale. In other words, leaving streaks in the sky is characteristic of engines that generate a lot of heat, mostly jet engines, although in cold weather such marks are visible from piston engines. At the everyday level, this happens when we exhale steam from our mouth in the cold, this is also condensation. Or if you open a window into the room, the same effect will happen,” said Vladimir Levkevich.

The higher the plane rises and the higher the air humidity, the clearer the stripe. So, at low altitudes, the condensation trail consists of water droplets, but with every kilometer the air temperature drops by 6 degrees, turning the condensation into ice crystals.

“As for models such as the An-2, a white trail in the sky is not typical for them, but something similar is possible if the aircraft flies at a temperature of -40. The main conditions for condensation to form are cold, sufficient humidity and heat from the engine,” the expert explained.

If we talk about the impact of white “tails” from airplanes on the environment, scientists argue here. There are two opposing theories: according to one, this can lead to cooling, according to the other, to warming.

“The trace itself is water vapor frozen in the air with the smallest admixtures of dust. According to one version, because of it, the sun warms the earth worse, since it is obscured, and this indicates cooling. Other scientists say that, on the contrary, these stripes create a greenhouse effect and contribute to warming. But there is no unambiguous clear understanding of the issue yet,” emphasized Vladimir Levkevich.

The pilot also noted that regarding the issue of harm, it is worth talking from the point of view of “burning” oxygen from the air, since it is consumed in thousands of cubic meters, and instead of it, harmful substances are released. And in this process, the safest thing is the same water vapor.

Prepared by Alla Bortnikova / Dialog news agency

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Alternative view

“Sprite”, “elves”, “blue jets” - these are the strange semi-mystical names that scientists have dubbed the rarest atmospheric phenomena of our planet. Mysterious plasma glows that last for thousandths of a second and extend for hundreds of kilometers. It is almost impossible to see these atmospheric ghosts: they are so rare and swift. Their world is located so high above the earth that it borders on near space, and nature is not fully studied. But they are very real and truly beautiful.

—

So strange, so familiar

For centuries, people have noticed mysterious glows high in the sky - beautiful, almost divine, sometimes eerie and frightening. In the old days they were equated with the machinations of evil spirits or with divine edification of the mortal

little man, which is why venerable pundits did not want to waste time on superstitious nonsense and simply ignored them. Only in the second half of the 20th century did scientists become truly interested in them.

Certain substances similar to rays shooting into space, balls, fountains and scattering rings of light were sometimes observed by pilots and astronauts, but the rarity and fleeting nature of such phenomena became an insurmountable obstacle to the study of their nature. Often they were even mistaken for UFOs. For the first time, one of the phenomena (presumably these were sprites) was recorded only in 1989, and then by accident. On July 6, physicists from the University of Minnesota (USA) tested new equipment - a highly sensitive camera for studying the starry sky. By pure chance, the lens caught strange funnel-shaped flashes generated by a distant thunderstorm. They lasted only milliseconds, but the scale of phenomena unknown to science was amazing - each flash extended at least 30 km. Those moments became the beginning of a large-scale hunt for heavenly ghosts.

The first clear images of atmospheric lights were obtained only a decade and a half later - in 2005 - using a special camera with a shooting speed of 5000 frames per second. As factual material accumulated, it became clear that the luminescences are not of the same type, they can be classified. Thus, scientists discovered jellyfish-shaped balls “sprites”, reminiscent of bluish rays “blue jets”, red fountains of “tiger” and ephemeral rings of “elves”.

A prerequisite for the occurrence of atmospheric fires is strong thunderstorms.
Most of them are observed in the mesosphere at an altitude of 50-130 km, while ordinary lightning almost never “climbs” above 16 km. Not to mention that the high-altitude plasma glows are truly enormous. Living for fractions of seconds, they can grow up to hundreds of kilometers - tens of times longer than linear lightning. They are surprising if only because they cannot be classified as either lightning or auroras. These are phenomena of a completely different nature. Promotional video:
Let's look at the terminology. What is lightning? This is a high-energy spark discharge, hot and destructive. An aurora is a low-energy glow in the upper atmosphere that occurs when the Earth's magnetosphere interacts with solar wind particles, a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun.

Ordinary lightning can easily kill a person, but the aurora can harm only the accompanying cosmic radiation, from which the inhabitants of the Earth are safely protected by the magnetic field that surrounds our planet like a shield. The phenomena under consideration are radically different. Roughly speaking, atmospheric lights refer to high-altitude lightning, although in reality they are not such. The difference between them is the same as between a decorative plasma lamp and a welding arc. They, like auroras, are discharges of cold plasma. But unlike the Aurora Borealis (northern lights), they can be observed anywhere on the globe, and they do not arise under the influence of rays from the outside - they are generated by the planet itself.

“It is generally accepted that the weather events we see every day and the processes that occur in the upper atmosphere exist on their own,” says NASA scientist Karen Fox. “The existence of high-altitude lightning proves that both near-Earth spheres are interconnected, and it remains to be seen how energy is exchanged between them.”

Sprites

Historically, sprites became the first birds of the future galaxy of plasma atmospheric glows. Sprites (from the English sprite - “fairy”) are colossal spherical streams of ionized plasma that appear above thunderstorm fronts and are directed vertically upward. Outwardly, they look like flashes of red-orange or blue light, divided into a “body”, numerous lower “branches” and short “candles” directed upward. Because of this, they are sometimes compared to jellyfish, scattering their graceful tentacles across the sky. Red sprites lacking a spherical thickening are sometimes called “tiger”, but this is not entirely true. Tigers usually appear at lower altitudes, differ in luminosity and have a different external structure.

Sprites usually appear in groups, forming ring clusters, and make a "dancing" movement up and down, which is why they were named after fairies - playful luminous creatures who, according to old legends, loved to gather in clearings and dance, arranging complex round dance

From the ground, sprites usually appear as small colored lights in the sky, but in reality they are huge. The height and distance at which it becomes possible to observe the lights distorts the real scale of their greatness. Even the smallest sprite is 60 km long and 100 km in diameter.

Until recently, studying plasma jellyfish was only possible using cameras on mountain tops, but the data obtained was scarce and unreliable. Today, the necessary equipment is located on the ISS, which makes it possible to observe huge flares bursting from the clouds without interference. With the help of ASIM (Atmospheric Space Interaction Monitor), the European Space Agency hopes to find patterns in the frequency of sprites and finally understand their nature.

Elves

Elves often become sprites' companions in the sky. Don't be fooled by this name; it was invented many years after the world stopped believing in miracles. “Elf” is a loose transcription of ELVES, Emission of Light and Very Low Frequency perturbations due to Electromagnetic Pulse Sources, which literally means “emission of light and very low frequency disturbances due to a pulse from an electromagnetic source.” These are modern fairy tales.

Ionospheric elves are radiating rings of a reddish glow, spreading like the edge of a shock wave. They appear around sprites and especially powerful storms at altitudes exceeding 100 km. Their life is fleeting - just a few milliseconds.

Scientists believe that the mechanism of their glow is associated with the radiation of excited nitrogen molecules, which receive energy from electrons accelerated due to discharges in the underlying storm. What connects them with sprites and whether there is any pattern of their coexistence is still unclear.

Blue jets

Another phenomenon is blue jets. They are also formed by the process of pulling electrons from thunderclouds, but unlike sprites, which require a long, slow current to produce, jets require a more powerful, directed impulse. Of all the plasma effects, blue jets form the lowest, directly above the thunderclouds. Born in active storm centers, the jets rise to a height of 40-50 km at a speed of about 100 km/s, where they begin to gradually dissipate and fade. They “live” longer than sprites, but they are also observed less frequently, which significantly complicates their study. It is not known for certain whether they are a form of high-altitude lightning or mesospheric plasma phenomena. Scientists are inclined to favor the latter, but evidence for this has yet to be found.

Steves

Knowledge about atmospheric fires is still extremely scarce. Further proof of this is the recent discovery of a new type of radiation. In 2017, Chris Ratzlaff, a member of the amateur aurora research group Alberta Aurora Chasers, observed unusual light streaks in the night sky. Chris and his colleagues believed that this effect was caused by positively charged aurora, and called it “proton arcs.” When photographs of amateurs fell into the hands of Eric Donovan, a professor of physics from the University of Calgary (Canada), it turned out that behind the seemingly unremarkable stroke against the background of the stars was hidden a phenomenon unknown to science. Using data from the Swarm satellite, Donovan found that the glow was caused by a 25-kilometer ribbon of gas heated to 3000 °C, located at an altitude of 300 km and moving at a speed of 6 km/s. Unlike its fast-moving cousins, it can last more than an hour and is seasonal, appearing mainly from March to September. The discovery was named "Steve" from the abbreviation Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement. More precisely, on the contrary. The dry scientific abbreviation was later artificially adjusted to the original name given to the phenomenon by the discoverer. Ratzlaff dubbed the glow Steve as a joke, citing the cartoon “Forest Brothers,” where the heroes encounter something unknown and decide to give it the name “Steve.”

The very existence of these apparently simple, fleeting ghosts can change the way science understands the atmosphere and electromagnetic phenomena of our planet. The earth is not just a magnetized piece of rock covered with a layer of gas mixture. It is practically a living organism, a world of complex fundamental interactions that last a fraction of a moment, but exist for billions of years. Even with the current level of technology development, scientists have learned very little about plasma atmospheric glows. Almost nothing. Right now, amazing phenomena are happening above our heads, proving that if something seems “too simple,” it means we don’t understand anything about it yet.

Magazine: Secrets of the Universe No. 2 (147). Author: Kirill Rogachev

Parhelion

The mesmerizing phenomenon of parhelium is a type of halo phenomenon in which a radiant ring appears around the sun. Parhelium is located on the parhelic circle (at the level of the sun above the horizon) and is a false image of our star or a bright rainbow spot. The parhelium phenomenon is caused by the refraction of sunlight in ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere at an altitude of 5-10 km. There can be two or more false images of the sun. Parhelium should not be confused with a false sunrise, in which it is not the luminary itself that first rises above the horizon, but its image - a pillar of light bright enough to be mistaken for the rising sun. Parhelium, unlike the “Two Suns” phenomenon, can also occur at sunset.